Interactive Panchangam Explorer

The Foundations of Celestial Time

This section introduces the foundational concepts of the Panchangam. It explains the geocentric perspective used for astrological calculations and the dual system of dividing the heavens into Rashis (Zodiac Signs) and Nakshatras (Lunar Mansions). Understanding this celestial map is the first step to unlocking the secrets of the almanac.

Geocentric Model

The Panchangam uses a geocentric model, viewing celestial bodies from the perspective of Earth. This isn't a scientific error, but a practical framework for interpreting how planetary movements are experienced and influence life on Earth. It considers nine 'Grahas', including the Sun, Moon, five planets, and two lunar nodes, Rahu and Kethu.

The Zodiac (Rashi)

The celestial sphere is a 360° band divided into 12 equal segments of 30° each. These are the Rashis, or signs of the zodiac, such as Mesha (Aries) and Vrushabha (Taurus). The Sun's year-long journey through these signs forms the basis of the solar calendar.

Lunar Mansions (Nakshatra)

The same 360° zodiac is also divided into 27 Nakshatras, each spanning 13° 20'. This system tracks the Moon's faster monthly transit. Each Nakshatra is further split into 4 'Padas' (quarters), creating 108 total units and cleverly linking the solar (Rashi) and lunar (Nakshatra) zodiacs.

Systems of Calculation

Surya Siddhantha: An ancient, traditional system used for religious duties, maintaining continuity with scriptural practices.

Drigganitha: A modern, highly accurate system incorporating minute corrections. It is the standard for astrological predictions and fixing auspicious timings (Muhurthas).

Ayanamsha

This is the measure of the "wobble" of the Earth's axis (precession of the equinoxes). It represents the difference between the fixed (Nirayana) zodiac used in Hindu astrology and the seasonal (Sayana) zodiac tied to the equinoxes. This distinction is critical for accurate calculations.

The Pancha Angas: The Five Limbs of Time

The name "Panchangam" means "Five Limbs." These five elements—Vaara, Thithi, Nakshatra, Yoga, and Karana—are the building blocks that define the unique quality of each day. Click on each limb below to learn about its calculation, significance, and the benefits its knowledge is said to bestow.

The Calendar's Engine: Cycles & Synchronization

The Panchangam masterfully reconciles the solar and lunar cycles to keep the calendar aligned with the seasons. This section explores solar and lunar months, the ingenious system of adding an 'Adhika Masa' (extra month), and the grand 60-year cycle of Samvatsaras.

Solar vs. Lunar Time

The Solar Calendar (Souramana)

Based on the Sun's transit through the 12 Rashis. A solar month (Soura Masa) is the time the Sun spends in one Rashi. The entry into a new Rashi is called a 'Sankramana'. The year is split into two halves: Uttarayana (northward journey) and Dakshinayana (southward journey).

The Lunar Calendar (Chandramana)

Based on the Moon's phases. A lunar month (Chandra Masa) runs from one new moon to the next. It's divided into Shukla Paksha (waxing fortnight) and Krishna Paksha (waning fortnight). Regional variations exist on whether the month ends on a new moon (Amantha) or full moon (Pournimantha).

Comparing Solar Month Durations

The length of a solar month varies because of the Earth's elliptical orbit. Select a calculation system below to see how these durations differ. 'Drigganitha' is the most observationally accurate.

Adhika Masa (Extra Month)

A lunar year (~354 days) is shorter than a solar year (~365 days). To sync them, an extra month, or 'Adhika Masa', is added whenever a lunar month occurs without a solar Sankramana. This happens roughly every 3 years and is considered inauspicious for major events.

Kshaya Masa (Lost Month)

A much rarer event is a 'Kshaya Masa', a suppressed or lost month. This occurs when two Sankramanas fall within a single lunar month, which is only possible when the Sun's apparent motion is fastest. This happens at very long intervals (e.g., 141 years).

The 60-Year Cycle (Samvatsaras)

Hindu chronology uses a 60-year cycle where each year has a unique name and character. You can search for a specific year below.

Living by the Stars: Practical Applications

The Panchangam is a practical guide for aligning actions with cosmic rhythms. This section explores how auspicious times ('Muhurtha') are selected, what inauspicious periods to avoid, and how the 'Vimsottari Dasha' system provides a timeline for life events based on one's birth star.

Selecting a Muhurtha

A 'Muhurtha' is an auspicious moment chosen for a significant event like a wedding or new venture. The process involves a holistic assessment, prioritizing a strong 'Lagna' (the rising zodiac sign) and favorable Thithis, Varas, Nakshatras, and Yogas, while carefully avoiding numerous prohibitions.

Identifying Inauspicious Times

Knowing what to avoid is as important as finding what is favorable. Key daily inauspicious periods include:

🔴 Rahukaala: A 90-minute period to avoid starting new tasks.
⚫ Gulika Kaala: Another period considered unfavorable.
🔵 Yamaganda Kaala: A third 90-minute block generally avoided for good beginnings.

Vimsottari Dasha System: A Timeline of Life

This is a primary tool in Hindu astrology for predicting the timing of life events. It's based on the Nakshatra the Moon occupied at birth. The system maps out a 120-year cycle divided into major periods ('Dashas') ruled by different planets. Hover over the chart to see which Nakshatras correspond to each Dasha lord.

Hover over the chart

Details about the selected planetary period will appear here.